{"id":36147,"date":"2016-08-09T19:25:55","date_gmt":"2016-08-09T15:25:55","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T20:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/?p=36147","title":{"rendered":"Az\u0259rbaycan diplomatiyas\u0131n\u0131 praktik olaraq el\u00e7il\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irirdi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dövl\u0259tl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda münasib\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 elçi-s\u0259firl\u0259rin müst\u0259sna xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri olub<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qaynaqlarda orta \u0259sr diplomatiyas\u0131n\u0131 praktik olaraq h\u0259yata keçir\u0259n elçil\u0259r haqq\u0131nda da maraql\u0131 m\u0259lumatlara rast g\u0259linir.  “Elçi” termininin qasid v\u0259 ya r\u0259sul ekvivalentl\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u015eah \u0130smay\u0131l\u0131n Çald\u0131ran döyü\u015fü \u0259r\u0259f\u0259sind\u0259 gönd\u0259rdiyi m\u0259ktubu g\u0259tir\u0259n adam birinci halda “elçi”, q\u0259tlin\u0259 f\u0259rman verildikd\u0259 is\u0259 “qasid” adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.  Xoca S\u0259d\u0259ddin elçinin ozamank\u0131 beyn\u0259lxalq münasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 statusunu da mü\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n ifad\u0259ni öz \u0259s\u0259rin\u0259 salm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, Sultan S\u0259lim q\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n elçisini h\u0259bs etdirdikd\u0259 I Sultan Süleyman\u0131n v\u0259ziri \u0130brahim pa\u015fa bel\u0259 deyir: “Elçinin i\u015fi ancaq söz çatd\u0131rmaqd\u0131r, m\u0259zmunu üzr\u0259 elçiy\u0259 zaval olmaz – xatirih\u0259zr\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 (Sultan S\u0259lim\u0259) b\u0259lli ik\u0259n q\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fdan g\u0259l\u0259n elçil\u0259ri h\u0259bs etdikl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b n\u0259dir? Xüsusil\u0259, Mir Abdulvahab kimi hörm\u0259tli seyidi v\u0259 alimi h\u0259bs etm\u0259k münasib idimi?”. Bununla da Xoca elçinin toxunulmazl\u0131q statusunun olmas\u0131n\u0131 yada sal\u0131r. \u015e.F\u0259rz\u0259lib\u0259yli Mahmud Ka\u015f\u011farinin “Divani lü\u011f\u0259t-it-türk”, \u018f.\u018f.Dehxudan\u0131n “Lü\u011f\u0259tnam\u0259” \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 istinad\u0259n do\u011fru olaraq “elçi” sözünün izah\u0131n\u0131 “el nümay\u0259nd\u0259si” kimi göst\u0259rib. O, h\u0259mçinin orta \u0259srl\u0259r boyu daimi s\u0259far\u0259txana v\u0259 ya daimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t göst\u0259r\u0259n s\u0259firl\u0259rin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da qeyd edib. 
\nTez-tez h\u0259rbi münaqi\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 toqqu\u015fmalara c\u0259lb olunan feodal dövl\u0259tl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda münasib\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 elçi-s\u0259firl\u0259rin müst\u0259sna xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri olub. Türk dünyas\u0131nda, o cüml\u0259d\u0259n d\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda gönd\u0259ril\u0259n elçil\u0259r minik vasit\u0259si olan atlarla ilk növb\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259min olunurdular. Çingiz xan Yasas\u0131na gör\u0259, elçil\u0259rin imperiyan\u0131n yam (poçt) xidm\u0259tind\u0259n pulsuz istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k hüququ var idi.  Elçilik ad\u0259ti is\u0259 m\u0259n\u015f\u0259 etibaril\u0259 q\u0259dim türk dünyas\u0131na söyk\u0259nir. Orta \u0259srl\u0259rin daha bir t\u0259dqiqatç\u0131s\u0131 Saleh Zakirov qeyd edir ki, diplomatik idar\u0259nin nümay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 m\u0259rt\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n – ranqlar\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq xüsusi geyim geym\u0259y\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilirdi. “Tacüt-t\u0259varix”d\u0259 Sultan Fateh M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259din Misir\u0259 getmi\u015f elçisi M\u0259mlükl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n alçald\u0131lmaya m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bu zaman M\u0259mlük \u0259mirl\u0259ri elçini atdan yer\u0259 enm\u0259y\u0259 vadar etmi\u015f, özl\u0259ri is\u0259 at üstünd\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 elçisi bu vaxt paltar\u0131n\u0131 ç\u0131xarmam\u0131\u015f öz hökmdar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u0259ldikd\u0259 is\u0259 onu c\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Eyni h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259ti t\u0259hqir olunaraq Sultan \u018fhm\u0259d C\u0259lairinin yan\u0131ndan qay\u0131dan Toxtam\u0131\u015f elçisi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n öz hökmdar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda etdiyinin d\u0259 \u015fahidi  oluruq. “A\u015fiqpa\u015fazad\u0259 tarixi” elçi geyiminin ad\u0131n\u0131 – \ufb8f\ufef3\u062f\u0627 – \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 saxlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Q\u0259dim türk lü\u011f\u0259tind\u0259 is\u0259 biz “\u0131d” – gönd\u0259rm\u0259k feilin\u0259, h\u0259mçinin “\u0131duk” müq\u0259dd\u0259slik v\u0259 t\u0259mizlik bildir\u0259n sözl\u0259r\u0259 rast g\u0259lirik . Dem\u0259li, elçinin \u0259ynind\u0259ki paltar onun gönd\u0259ril\u0259n v\u0259 toxunulmaz olmas\u0131n\u0131 simvolla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. 
\nElçil\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259ktublarda yaz\u0131lmayan, lakin elçiliyin m\u0259qs\u0259dini daha geni\u015f \u0259hat\u0259 edib, dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar aparma\u011fa imkan ver\u0259n tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131q v\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t verilirdi. Bu is\u0259 elçil\u0259rin olduqca etibarl\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r oldu\u011funu göst\u0259rir. 
\nElçi gönd\u0259rilm\u0259si h\u0259m d\u0259 müt\u0259madi xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131. B\u0259zi t\u0259dqiqatç\u0131lar\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 daimi s\u0259firl\u0259rin olmas faktlar\u0131 da yer almaqdad\u0131r.
\n\u015eah \u0130smay\u0131l \u015eeyb\u0259k xana m\u0259ktubunda “elçil\u0259r v\u0259 m\u0259ktublar gönd\u0259rm\u0259k i\u015find\u0259 meydana ç\u0131xm\u0131\u015f l\u0259ngliyin v\u0259 t\u0259xir\u0259 sal\u0131nmalar\u0131n üzrlü s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n ba\u015f verdiyini”  n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 çatd\u0131r\u0131r, “bel\u0259 q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f m\u0259rasiml\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi qaydalara riay\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 macal tapmamas\u0131ndan” \u015fikay\u0259tl\u0259nirdi. “XVI \u0259sr boyunca Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131 v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan S\u0259f\u0259vil\u0259r dövl\u0259ti aras\u0131nda müxt\u0259lif tarixi hadis\u0259l\u0259r münasib\u0259til\u0259 (taxta ç\u0131xan hökmdar\u0131 t\u0259brik etm\u0259k, sülh müqavil\u0259si imzalamaq, f\u0259thnam\u0259 çatd\u0131rmaq v\u0259 s.) elçi hey\u0259tl\u0259rinin mübadil\u0259si ba\u015f vermi\u015fdi. Dövrün diplomatiya qaydalar\u0131na gör\u0259, elçi il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 qiym\u0259tli h\u0259diyy\u0259l\u0259rin gönd\u0259rilm\u0259si d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulurdu”. \u015eahin Fazil qeyd edir ki, “XVII \u0259srd\u0259 S\u0259f\u0259vi v\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 saraylar\u0131ndan Q\u0259rb ölk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 gönd\u0259ril\u0259n r\u0259smi dövl\u0259t m\u0259ktublar\u0131, \u0259sas\u0259n, fars, qism\u0259n d\u0259 türk dill\u0259rind\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, 1618-ci ild\u0259 Rusiya çar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n S\u0259f\u0259vi hökmdar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na yollanan yüks\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259li elçinin gönd\u0259rdiyi m\u0259ktub türk dilind\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u0130sg\u0259nd\u0259r b\u0259y yaz\u0131r: “H\u0259mçinin bu il o uca sülal\u0259nin (romanovlar\u0131n) möt\u0259b\u0259r \u0259mir v\u0259 knyazlar\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t böyük bir elçi hey\u0259ti X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizi v\u0259 o çöll\u0259rd\u0259n keç\u0259r\u0259k \u015eirvan\u0131n D\u0259rb\u0259ndin\u0259 g\u0259ldi v\u0259 Hümayun \u015fah (I Sah Abbas) m\u0259hiyy\u0259tinin ard\u0131nca \u018frd\u0259bild\u0259n ç\u0131x\u0131b Q\u0259zvin\u0259 çatd\u0131. O elçi d\u0259 S\u0259ad\u0259tabad meydan\u0131nda \u015fahla görü\u015f s\u0259ad\u0259tin\u0259 yeti\u015fdi v\u0259 t\u0259rcüm\u0259çi vasit\u0259sil\u0259 pad\u015fah t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n özl\u0259rinin ehtiyac (niyazm\u0259ndi) xahi\u015fini v\u0259 möhk\u0259m birlik ist\u0259yini \u0259rz ed\u0259r\u0259k, türk dilind\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzun bir m\u0259ktubu \u015faha t\u0259qdim etdi”
\nXVI \u0259sr Osmanl\u0131 mü\u0259llifi Xoca S\u0259ad\u0259ddin \u018ff\u0259ndinin “Tacüt-t\u0259varix” \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 dövl\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rin mühüm vasit\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri olan diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fma s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259ri d\u0259 öz \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Mü\u0259llifin mühüm dövl\u0259t v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 çal\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ona diplomatik s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rl\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olmaq imkan\u0131 vermi\u015fdi. Elçil\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 çatd\u0131r\u0131lan bu m\u0259ktublar\u0131n müxt\u0259lif cür adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (übudiyy\u0259tnam\u0259, namei-b\u0259\u015far\u0259t, namei-t\u0259vbix, misaqnam\u0259, niyaznam\u0259, t\u0259hniyy\u0259tnam\u0259 v\u0259 s.) yaln\u0131z m\u0259ktublar\u0131n xarakterini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 çatd\u0131rmaq üçün orta \u0259sr tarixçil\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunurdu. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Xoca S\u0259ad\u0259ddinin I \u015eah \u0130smay\u0131la yaz\u0131lan t\u0259nbeh m\u0259ktubu (namei-tevbix) adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259ktubu Sultan I S\u0259lim “\u015eanl\u0131 m\u0259ktub” (name-i nam) adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. “Tacüt-t\u0259varix” Sultan S\u0259limin \u015eah \u0130smay\u0131la yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha üç m\u0259ktubu özünd\u0259 qoruyub saxlay\u0131r. Diplomatik s\u0259n\u0259d olmaqla yana\u015f\u0131, bu m\u0259ktublar o dövrün dü\u015fünc\u0259 t\u0259rzini, dünyaya bax\u0131\u015f sistemini özünd\u0259 \u0259ks etdirir. Birinci m\u0259ktubda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 özünü “xan” adland\u0131r\u0131r, \u015eah \u0130smay\u0131la “bahadur” dey\u0259 müraci\u0259t edir, m\u0259ktubunu “yarl\u0131q” adland\u0131r\u0131r. “Tacüt-t\u0259varix”in ba\u015fqa bir yerind\u0259 Xocan\u0131n \u015fahzad\u0259 Qorquda münasib\u0259td\u0259 onu “Qorqud noyon”  adland\u0131rmas\u0131 monqol epas\u0131n\u0131n izl\u0259rinin bu \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 qald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 göst\u0259rir. M\u0259ktubda “xaqanlar m\u0259zh\u0259bin\u0259 gör\u0259” ifad\u0259si d\u0259 q\u0259dim türk izl\u0259rinin \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir. “\u0130ran\u0131n Kembric tarixi”nin mü\u0259llifl\u0259ri “xaqan”, “noyon”, “bahadur” kimi titullar\u0131n Elxani dövl\u0259tinin siyasi formas\u0131 olaraq \u0259xz olundu\u011funu qeyd edirl\u0259. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, monqol dövrü izl\u0259rinin XV-XVI \u0259srl\u0259r tariximizd\u0259 ya\u015famas\u0131 t\u0259biidir. V.V.Bartold yaz\u0131rd\u0131: “Monqol v\u0259 türk m\u0259i\u015f\u0259ti eyni idi. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, q\u0259rb\u0259 – Q\u0131z\u0131l Orda v\u0259 Türküstana ged\u0259n monqol köç\u0259ril\u0259ri öz dill\u0259rini itirib, türk dilini q\u0259bul edirdil\u0259r”. V.Z. Piriyev qeyd edirdi ki, Az\u0259rbaycana  g\u0259lmi\u015f 20-y\u0259 yax\u0131n monqol–türk tayfas\u0131 yerli \u0259haliy\u0259 qar\u0131\u015faraq assimilyasiyaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015fd\u0131 .
\n“Tarixi-al\u0259m aray-i Abbasi”nin s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 Çingiz xan qayda-qanununa \u0259sas\u0259n qucaqla\u015fma m\u0259rasiminin t\u0259svirl\u0259rinin yer almas\u0131 t\u0259sadüfi deyil. XV– XVI \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n türk-müs\u0259lman dövl\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 diplomatiya tarixind\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fark\u0259n diq\u0259timizi c\u0259lb ed\u0259n “atdandü\u015fm\u0259” v\u0259 “qucaqla\u015fma” ad\u0259tinin d\u0259 yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 faktlar qaynaqlar \u0259sas\u0131nda ara\u015fd\u0131rmaya c\u0259lb edildi. “Atdandü\u015fm\u0259” ad\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259linc\u0259, akademik Z.Bünyadovun  S\u0259dr\u0259ddin \u0259l-Hüseyninin “\u018fxbar \u0259d-Dovl\u0259 \u0259s-S\u0259lcuqiyy\u0259” \u0259s\u0259rin\u0259 istinad\u0259n verdiyi t\u0259svir böyük maraq do\u011furdu. Fars hakimi Z\u0259ngi ibn M\u0259dud (1162–1175) Atab\u0259y \u015e\u0259ms\u0259ddin Eld\u0259niz v\u0259 Sultan Arslan\u015faha (1160-1176) tabeçiliyini bildir\u0259nd\u0259n sonra Atab\u0259yin elçisi il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 onlar\u0131n görü\u015fün\u0259 yollan\u0131r. “Atab\u0259y Eld\u0259niz Z\u0259nginin q\u0259rargaha yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilib, bütün ordunun t\u0259cili v\u0259 tam silahlanmas\u0131na \u0259mr verdi. \u018fmr yerin\u0259 yetirildi. Z\u0259nginin g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi yerd\u0259 sultanla birlikd\u0259 qalan  atab\u0259y  Eld\u0259nizd\u0259n ba\u015fqa bütün \u0259mirl\u0259r onu qar\u015f\u0131lama\u011fa ç\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.
\nZ\u0259ngi Sultan\u0131n yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi yer\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015f\u0131b t\u0259nt\u0259n\u0259nin möht\u0259\u015f\u0259mliyini v\u0259 \u0259z\u0259m\u0259tini gördü. <\/p>\n

Tahir Cafiyev<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dövl\u0259tl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda münasib\u0259tl\u0259rin t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259 elçi-s\u0259firl\u0259rin müst\u0259sna xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri olub Qaynaqlarda orta \u0259sr diplomatiyas\u0131n\u0131 praktik olaraq h\u0259yata keçir\u0259n elçil\u0259r haqq\u0131nda da maraql\u0131 m\u0259lumatlara rast g\u0259linir.  “Elçi” termininin qasid v\u0259 ya r\u0259sul ekvivalentl\u0259rind\u0259n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":251278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esas"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=36147"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36147\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/251278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=36147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=36147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=36147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}