{"id":231170,"date":"2025-10-01T07:52:38","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T03:52:38","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T20:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/?p=231170","title":{"rendered":"Pul ticar\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn icad edilm\u0259yib"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pulun m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yini anlamaq dövl\u0259t borcu, sosial siyas\u0259t v\u0259 böhranlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 müasir müzakir\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 birba\u015fa t\u0259sir göst\u0259rir.
\nDey\u0259s\u0259n, pulun nec\u0259 yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemi art\u0131q ham\u0131 bilir: birincisi, barter var idi – qazana heyvan d\u0259risi, baltaya tax\u0131l. Sonra insanlar sikk\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259skinaslar icad etdil\u0259r v\u0259 n\u0259hay\u0259t, onlar bank hesablar\u0131na v\u0259 ekranlardak\u0131 nömr\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 keçibl\u0259r.
\nOnillikl\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 d\u0259rslikl\u0259rin v\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur mühazir\u0259l\u0259rin biz\u0259 dediyi budur. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ucnoqta.az x\u0259b\u0259r verir ki, lakin Albany Universitetind\u0259n (AB\u015e) antropoloq Robert M. Rosenswig t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n apar\u0131lan yeni ara\u015fd\u0131rma bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259ni t\u0259kzib edir. Onun “Journal of Economic Issues” jurnal\u0131nda d\u0259rc olunmu\u015f m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 pulun bazar mübadil\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n deyil, siyas\u0259td\u0259n, vergil\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 hökum\u0259t n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259n yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edir.<\/p>\n

Barter mifi
\n"Q\u0259dim barter" hekay\u0259si \u0259lveri\u015flidir, lakin Rosenswig'in qeyd etdiyi kimi, daha çox na\u011f\u0131l kimi oxunur.
\n\u0130btidai insanlar\u0131n keçini da\u015f b\u0131ça\u011fa d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259k t\u0259klifi il\u0259 bir-birin\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 fikri arxeologiya t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nmir. Barter h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 ba\u015f verdi, ancaq pulun mövcud oldu\u011fu c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259. Bu, ad\u0259t\u0259n ya sikk\u0259 çat\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n v\u0259 ya q\u0259ribl\u0259r aras\u0131nda bird\u0259f\u0259lik \u0259m\u0259liyyatlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 yaran\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadç\u0131lar “ist\u0259kl\u0259rin ikiqat üst-üst\u0259 dü\u015fm\u0259sini” t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n mübadil\u0259 nümun\u0259sind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yi xo\u015flay\u0131rd\u0131lar – m\u0259nim ist\u0259diyim bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sizin üçün, m\u0259nim üçün is\u0259 siz\u0259 laz\u0131m olan baltan\u0131n olmas\u0131. Bundan universal vasit\u0259çiy\u0259 ehtiyac oldu\u011funu ç\u0131xard\u0131lar. Ancaq çentikli çubuqlar bunun \u0259ksini göst\u0259rir: pul "ham\u0131ya duz v\u0259 ya q\u0131z\u0131l" kimi deyil, hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 borclar\u0131n hesab\u0131n\u0131 aparmaq vasit\u0259si kimi do\u011fulub.<\/p>\n

Bank\u0131 \u0259v\u0259z ed\u0259n çubuqlar
\nRosenswig heç bir \u0259laq\u0259si olmayan üç sivilizasiyada tally çubuqlar\u0131n\u0131 (ilk pul vahidi) öyr\u0259ndi, lakin ox\u015far üsullar inki\u015faf etdirdil\u0259r.
\n\u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259: 12-ci \u0259srd\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, \u015f\u0259rifl\u0259r f\u0131nd\u0131q çubuqlar\u0131na gör\u0259 vergil\u0259rin hesab\u0131n\u0131 apar\u0131rd\u0131lar. Çubuqlar uzununa k\u0259sildi v\u0259 h\u0259r bir t\u0259r\u0259f yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131 – saxtala\u015fd\u0131rmaq mümkün deyil. Bu "sessiya etiketl\u0259ri" bir növ veksel\u0259 çevrildi, köçürül\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

S\u0259kkiz fut uzunlu\u011funda bir çubuq bu gün\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r sa\u011f qald\u0131, Kral III Uilyam-a 1,2 milyon funt sterlinq kredit götürdü. Formal olaraq borc öd\u0259nilm\u0259mi\u015f qal\u0131r.
\nÇin: H\u0259l\u0259 eram\u0131zdan \u0259vv\u0259l III \u0259srd\u0259 m\u0259murlar tax\u0131l, ip\u0259k v\u0259 sikk\u0259l\u0259rin q\u0259bulunu qeyd etm\u0259k üçün bambuk çubuqlardan istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. Marko Polo onlar\u0131 13-cü \u0259srd\u0259 gördü – sistem \u0259srl\u0259r boyu davam etdi. Onlar\u0131n gücü v\u0259 etibarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu cür etiketl\u0259ri dem\u0259k olar ki, saxtala\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa imkan vermirdi.<\/p>\n

Maya: Eram\u0131z\u0131n 6-c\u0131 \u0259srind\u0259n 9-cu \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r sümük çubuqlar\u0131nda qeydl\u0259r apar\u0131rd\u0131lar. Onlar saray h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259hn\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259svir edirdil\u0259r, lakin \u0259n \u0259sas\u0131 x\u0259rac yaz\u0131rd\u0131lar: qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, parça, \u0259m\u0259k. Bunlar bazar sövd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri deyil, hökmdarlara t\u0259klifl\u0259r idi.
\nÜmumi n\u0259tic\u0259 göz qaba\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r: pul \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 “bazar üçün \u0259lveri\u015fli sikk\u0259” deyil, güc vasit\u0259sil\u0259 resurslar\u0131 s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r etm\u0259k vasit\u0259si idi.<\/p>\n

Siyas\u0259t kimi pul
\nBu fikir chartalizml\u0259 – pulun \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 dövl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n vergi toplamaq üçün t\u0259qdim edildiyi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259\u015fir. Bu, pulun neytral ticar\u0259t al\u0259ti kimi \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi imicind\u0259n köklü \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259nir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pulun m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yini anlamaq dövl\u0259t borcu, sosial siyas\u0259t v\u0259 böhranlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 müasir müzakir\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 birba\u015fa t\u0259sir göst\u0259rir. Dey\u0259s\u0259n, pulun nec\u0259 yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemi art\u0131q ham\u0131 bilir: birincisi, barter var idi – qazana heyvan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":251278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-231170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maraqli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/231170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=231170"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/231170\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/251278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=231170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=231170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucnoqta.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=231170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}